Muscle dysmorphia is a subtype of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), characterized by a preoccupation with perceived defects or flaws in one’s physical appearance that are not observable or appear minor to others.
Often referred to as bigorexia, muscle dysmorphia involves an obsession with the belief that one’s body is too small or insufficiently muscular, despite contrary feedback from others. This condition is more prevalent in men than women.
Individuals with muscle dysmorphia may engage in repetitive behaviours such as excessive mirror checking, rigid meal regimens, or spending prolonged hours at the gym. They also frequently compare their appearance to others, leading to feelings of shame or inadequacy.
Impact on daily life
While some people enjoy exercise and meal preparation without it impacting their lives significantly, those with muscle dysmorphia experience clinically significant distress or impairment in various areas, including social and occupational functioning. This can also lead to high rates of depression, anxiety, and suicidal thoughts.
People with muscle dysmorphia might spend substantial amounts on gym memberships, equipment, and supplements, potentially missing important life events and experiencing issues with intimate relationships, such as sexual dysfunction or fear of exposing their body.
Prevalence and research gaps
Approximately 22% of young men engage in muscle-enhancing behaviours, but the actual number of those with muscle dysmorphia may be higher. This is partly due to the fact that individuals who appear to be healthy and fit might not be recognized as having the disorder. Research on males is limited, with less than 1% of body image and eating disorder studies focusing exclusively on men.
Comorbid conditions and management
The distress caused by muscle dysmorphia can lead to additional issues like anxiety, depression, and substance abuse. Management typically involves a multidisciplinary approach, including:
- Psychotherapy and counseling: To address underlying causes and negative emotions related to body image, such as past trauma or social pressures from media portrayals.
- Medications: Antidepressants and anxiety medications may be prescribed, and individuals using anabolic steroids might need hormonal treatments to discontinue use safely.
Additional therapies
Depending on the affected areas of health, treatment might also involve consultation with a dietitian, psychiatrist, endocrinologist, or sex therapist.
Seeking help
Increased awareness of muscle dysmorphia is essential. If you suspect you may be experiencing it, consulting a doctor can help you find appropriate support and treatment.
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Clinical review & governance
Medically reviewed by Dr AIFRIC BOYLAN
CEO
About Dr Aifric Boylan MB BCh BAO MICGP FRACGP DRCOG DCH Fellow of the Royal Australian College of General Practitioners, Dr Aifric Boylan is a general practitioner with more than 20 years' experience. She graduated in medicine from…
This health information has been clinically reviewed by an Australian doctor. Qoctor health pages are reviewed to support clear, evidence-informed guidance; they do not replace individual medical advice.
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